{
  "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
  "scope": "These summaries cover a person recording a private phone call they take part in. Rules for in-person talks, recording calls you are not on, calls across state lines and how a recording may be used can differ.",
  "review": "TeamShift checked every row against official sources on 2026-10-10 with an automated research pass. Most rows quote the state statute; a few quote the official act, agency rule, court decision or federal law that sets the rule. Each row links its source. No lawyer has reviewed this table.",
  "ai_automated_call_note": "Recording consent does not make an AI or prerecorded call legal. The FCC treats AI-generated voices as artificial voices under the TCPA, so federal consent, identification, opt-out and do-not-call rules apply, and some states add their own.",
  "federal_sources": [
    {
      "citation": "18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d)",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title18/html/USCODE-2023-title18-partI-chap119.htm",
      "note": "Federal law lets a party to a call record it, or record it with one party's consent, unless the recording is made to commit a crime or tort. The link is the official 2023 edition."
    },
    {
      "citation": "47 C.F.R. § 64.1200",
      "url": "https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-47/chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-64/subpart-L/section-64.1200",
      "note": "Consent, identification and opt-out rules for prerecorded and artificial-voice calls. Telemarketing calls of this kind generally need prior express written consent."
    },
    {
      "citation": "FCC news release, February 8, 2024",
      "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GOVPUB-CC-PURL-gpo222468/pdf/GOVPUB-CC-PURL-gpo222468.pdf",
      "note": "The FCC ruled that calls made with AI-generated voices are \"artificial\" under the TCPA."
    }
  ],
  "jurisdictions": [
    {
      "code": "AL",
      "state": "Alabama",
      "classification": "conditional",
      "citation": "Ala. Code §§ 13A-11-30(1), 13A-11-31; Ala. Admin. Code r. 770-X-5-.11",
      "explanation": "Alabama's criminal law lets a person on a call record it. A Public Service Commission rule also says the public phone network may not be used to record a call unless everyone gives express consent or hears a notice.",
      "nuance": "The rule accepts a repeating warning tone, a spoken announcement or a marked phone as notice. It names no penalty, and how far it binds private callers is unsettled.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://admincode.legislature.state.al.us/administrative-code/770-X-5-.11",
        "title": "Ala. Admin. Code r. 770-X-5-.11, Privacy Of Telephone Communications (Alabama Public Service Commission)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "770-X-5-.11(4)(d)",
        "quote": "…All the parties to the conversation give their express prior consent to the monitoring or recording, or 2. When notice…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "AK",
      "state": "Alaska",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Alaska Stat. § 42.20.310(a)(1), (b)",
      "explanation": "Alaska's eavesdropping law applies only when no party to the conversation consents, so a person on a phone call may record it.",
      "nuance": "This covers private callers. Police recording, and the use of recordings someone else made illegally, follow separate rules.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.akleg.gov/statutesPDF/Title-42.pdf",
        "title": "Alaska Statutes Title 42, AS 42.20.310 (Eavesdropping)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "42.20.310(a)(1), (b)",
        "quote": "…record all or any part of an oral conversation without the consent of a party to the conversation…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "AZ",
      "state": "Arizona",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Ariz. Rev. Stat. §§ 13-3005(A)(1), 13-3012(9)",
      "explanation": "Arizona only bars recording by someone who is not on the call and has no consent from either side. A person on the call may record it, and anyone may record with one party's consent.",
      "nuance": "Recording an in-person conversation you are not present for falls under a separate rule.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.azleg.gov/ars/13/03012.htm",
        "title": "A.R.S. § 13-3012",
        "official": true,
        "section": "13-3012(9)",
        "quote": "…if the interception is effected with the consent of a party to the communication or a person who is present…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "AR",
      "state": "Arkansas",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Ark. Code Ann. § 5-60-120(a)",
      "explanation": "Arkansas lets a person record a phone call they are on, or record with one party's prior consent.",
      "nuance": "The rule covers landline, cell and other wireless calls. Federal law still forbids recording a call to commit a crime or tort.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://advance.lexis.com/container?config=00JAA3ZTU0NTIzYy0zZDEyLTRhYmQtYmRmMS1iMWIxNDgxYWMxZTQKAFBvZENhdGFsb2cubRW4ifTiwi5vLw6cI1uX",
        "title": "Ark. Code § 5-60-120 (official code on LexisNexis; search 5-60-120)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "5-60-120(a)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or one (1) of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "CA",
      "state": "California",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Cal. Penal Code §§ 632(a), 632.7(a); Smith v. LoanMe, Inc., 11 Cal.5th 183 (2021)",
      "explanation": "California requires every party's consent. Section 632.7 bars recording a call that involves a cell or cordless phone without everyone's consent, even by someone on the call, and § 632 does the same for any confidential call.",
      "nuance": "Section 632 turns on whether the conversation is confidential; § 632.7 applies to cell and cordless calls either way. The California Supreme Court applied § 632.7 to people on the call in Smith v. LoanMe (2021).",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=PEN&sectionNum=632.7.",
        "title": "Cal. Penal Code § 632.7",
        "official": true,
        "section": "632.7(a)",
        "quote": "Every person who, without the consent of all of the parties to a communication, intercepts or receives and intentionally records…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "CO",
      "state": "Colorado",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Colo. Rev. Stat. § 18-9-303(1); § 18-9-304",
      "explanation": "Colorado's wiretapping crime covers only someone who is not on the call and records it without either side's consent. A person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "In-person eavesdropping falls under a separate law. Checked against the 2024 official edition, the newest the legislature has posted.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://content.leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/images/olls/crs2024-title-18.pdf",
        "title": "Colorado Revised Statutes 2024, Title 18, § 18-9-303 Wiretapping prohibited - penalty",
        "official": true,
        "section": "18-9-303(1)(a)",
        "quote": "…records a telephone, telegraph, or electronic communication without the consent of either a sender or a receiver thereof…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "CT",
      "state": "Connecticut",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d(a); §§ 53a-187, 53a-189",
      "explanation": "To record a private phone call, you need everyone's consent (in writing or recorded at the start of the call), a recorded announcement at the start, or a repeating warning tone.",
      "nuance": "This is a civil rule, so someone who records without it can be sued. Connecticut's criminal wiretap law reaches only people who are not on the call.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_925.htm#sec_52-570d",
        "title": "Conn. Gen. Stat. § 52-570d (Action for illegal recording of private telephonic communications)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "52-570d(a)",
        "quote": "…or (2) is preceded by verbal notification which is recorded at the beginning and is part of the communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "DE",
      "state": "Delaware",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "11 Del. C. §§ 2402(c)(4), 1335(a)(4)",
      "explanation": "Delaware's wiretap law lets a person on a call, or someone with one party's prior consent, record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "A separate privacy law (11 Del. C. § 1335) requires all parties' consent, but it gives way to recording that is \"authorized by law\". No Delaware court ruling on how the two laws fit together was checked.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.delcode.delaware.gov/title11/c024/sc01/index.html",
        "title": "11 Del. C. § 2402",
        "official": true,
        "section": "2402(c)(4)",
        "quote": "…to intercept a wire, oral or electronic communication where the person is a party to the communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "DC",
      "state": "District of Columbia",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "D.C. Code § 23-542(b)(3)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "Police and other officials acting under color of law have a separate exception.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://code.dccouncil.gov/us/dc/council/code/sections/23-542",
        "title": "D.C. Code § 23-542. Interception, disclosure, and use of wire or oral communications prohibited",
        "official": true,
        "section": "23-542(b)(3)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication, or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "FL",
      "state": "Florida",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Fla. Stat. § 934.03(2)(d)",
      "explanation": "Florida requires every party's prior consent to record a phone call, even for someone on the call.",
      "nuance": "In-person conversations are protected only when people reasonably expect privacy. The law's narrow exceptions mostly cover police and phone companies, so they don't help a business that records its own calls.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/Statutes/2026/934.03",
        "title": "2026 Florida Statutes § 934.03",
        "official": true,
        "section": "934.03(2)(d)",
        "quote": "…intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication when all of the parties to the communication have given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "GA",
      "state": "Georgia",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "O.C.G.A. § 16-11-66(a); State v. Cohen, S17A1265 (Nov. 2, 2017)",
      "explanation": "Georgia's interception ban does not apply to a person on the call, or to someone with one party's prior consent.",
      "nuance": "The quote comes from a 2017 Georgia Supreme Court opinion that quotes the statute; the same words appear in the current official code. Another part of the section covers recording calls with a child under 18.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.gasupreme.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/s17a1265.pdf",
        "title": "State v. Cohen, S17A1265 (Ga. Nov. 2, 2017), quoting O.C.G.A. § 16-11-66(a)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "16-11-66(a)",
        "quote": "…such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "HI",
      "state": "Hawaii",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Haw. Rev. Stat. § 803-42(b)(3)(A)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "Hawaii has separate rules for recording in private places, including video, and for sharing recordings.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://data.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol14_Ch0701-0853/HRS0803/HRS_0803-0042.htm",
        "title": "HRS § 803-42",
        "official": true,
        "section": "803-42(b)(3)(A)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or when one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "ID",
      "state": "Idaho",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Idaho Code § 18-6702(2)(d), (e)",
      "explanation": "Anyone may record a call when one party has given prior consent, so a person on the call may record it, unless the purpose is a crime.",
      "nuance": "The same rule covers phone calls and in-person conversations.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules/idstat/Title18/T18CH67/SECT18-6702/",
        "title": "Idaho Code § 18-6702",
        "official": true,
        "section": "18-6702(2)(d)",
        "quote": "…when one (1) of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception."
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "IL",
      "state": "Illinois",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "720 ILCS 5/14-2(a)(2); 720 ILCS 5/14-1",
      "explanation": "Illinois bars secretly recording a private conversation, including a phone call, without the consent of all other parties.",
      "nuance": "It covers only secret recording of private conversations, where people reasonably expect privacy.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://ilga.gov/documents/legislation/ilcs/documents/072000050K14-2.htm",
        "title": "720 ILCS 5/14-2. Elements of the offense; affirmative defense",
        "official": true,
        "section": "14-2(a)(2)",
        "quote": "…is a party unless he or she does so with the consent of all other parties to the private conversation…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": "2016-01-01"
    },
    {
      "code": "IN",
      "state": "Indiana",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Ind. Code §§ 35-31.5-2-176, 35-33.5-5-5",
      "explanation": "Indiana's interception crime reaches only recording by someone who is neither sender nor receiver and has no consent from either. A person on the call may record it or let someone else do so.",
      "nuance": "The definition now sits in IC 35-31.5-2-176; an older section some guides still cite was repealed.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://iga.in.gov/laws/2026/ic/titles/35#35-31.5-2-176",
        "title": "2026 Indiana Code IC 35-31.5-2-176 (\"Interception\")",
        "official": true,
        "section": "35-31.5-2-176",
        "quote": "…by a person other than a sender or receiver of that communication, without the consent of the sender or receiver…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "IA",
      "state": "Iowa",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Iowa Code § 808B.2(2)(c)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "The same rule covers in-person conversations where people expect privacy.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/808B.2.pdf",
        "title": "Iowa Code 2026, § 808B.2 Unlawful acts -- penalty",
        "official": true,
        "section": "808B.2(2)(c)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or if one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "KS",
      "state": "Kansas",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Kan. Stat. Ann. § 21-6101(a)(1), (4), (5)",
      "explanation": "In Kansas, intercepting a phone message is a crime only without the sender's or receiver's consent, so a person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "Putting a recording device on someone else's line also needs consent from whoever controls that line. Recording sound in a private place has its own rules.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://kslegislature.gov/b2025_26/laws/021_000_0000_chapter/021_061_0000_article/021_061_0001_section/021_061_0001_k/",
        "title": "K.S.A. 21-6101 (Breach of privacy)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "21-6101(a)(1)",
        "quote": "Intercepting, without the consent of the sender or receiver, a message by telephone…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "KY",
      "state": "Kentucky",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "KRS §§ 526.010–526.020",
      "explanation": "Kentucky's eavesdropping crime covers recording someone else's call or conversation without at least one party's consent. A person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "Installing recording devices and sharing recordings fall under separate rules.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://apps.legislature.ky.gov/law/statutes/statute.aspx?id=19948",
        "title": "KRS 526.010",
        "official": true,
        "section": "526.010",
        "quote": "…any part of a wire or oral communication of others without the consent of at least one (1) party thereto…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": "1975-01-01"
    },
    {
      "code": "LA",
      "state": "Louisiana",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "La. R.S. § 15:1303(C)(4)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "The same rule covers in-person conversations.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.legis.la.gov/Legis/Law.aspx?d=78938",
        "title": "La. R.S. 15:1303. Interception and disclosure of wire, electronic, or oral communications",
        "official": true,
        "section": "15:1303(C)(4)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "ME",
      "state": "Maine",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "15 M.R.S. §§ 709(4)(A), (C), 710(1)",
      "explanation": "Maine's crime covers only interception, and recording by the sender or receiver of a call, or by someone either one authorized, does not count as interception. A person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "In-person conversations and recording in private places fall under other rules.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://legislature.maine.gov/statutes/15/title15sec709.html",
        "title": "15 M.R.S. § 709. Definitions",
        "official": true,
        "section": "709(4)(A)",
        "quote": "…intercepting device by any person other than: A. The sender or receiver of that communication;"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "MD",
      "state": "Maryland",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Md. Code, Courts & Judicial Proceedings § 10-402(c)(3)",
      "explanation": "A private person may record a phone call only if they are on it and every party has given prior consent, and never to commit a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "Maryland's exceptions mostly cover police and phone companies. There is no general exception for businesses.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://mgaleg.maryland.gov/mgawebsite/Laws/StatuteText?article=gcj&section=10-402",
        "title": "Md. Code, Courts and Judicial Proceedings § 10-402",
        "official": true,
        "section": "10-402(c)(3)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication and where all of the parties to the communication have given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "MA",
      "state": "Massachusetts",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 272, § 99(B)(4), (C)(1)",
      "explanation": "Massachusetts bars secretly recording a call without every party's permission. A recording that is not secret falls outside the law.",
      "nuance": "Telling everyone on the call that it is being recorded keeps the recording from being secret. People harmed by an illegal recording can also sue.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartIV/TitleI/Chapter272/Section99",
        "title": "M.G.L. c. 272, § 99 (Interception of wire and oral communications)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "99(B)(4)",
        "quote": "…means to secretly hear, secretly record, or aid another to secretly hear or secretly record…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "MI",
      "state": "Michigan",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "MCL §§ 750.539a(2), 750.539c; Sullivan v. Gray, 324 N.W.2d 58 (Mich. Ct. App. 1982); Lewis v. LeGrow, 258 Mich. App. 175 (2003); Fisher v. Perron, 30 F.4th 289 (6th Cir. 2022)",
      "explanation": "Michigan's eavesdropping law covers recording the private conversations \"of others\". State appeals courts read that to let a person on the call record it, but someone who is not on the call needs everyone's consent.",
      "nuance": "This rests on Court of Appeals decisions (Sullivan v. Gray, Lewis v. LeGrow), which a federal appeals court followed in Fisher v. Perron (2022). The Michigan Supreme Court has not decided the question.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.legislature.mi.gov/Laws/MCL?objectName=mcl-750-539a",
        "title": "MCL 750.539a",
        "official": true,
        "section": "750.539a(2)",
        "quote": "…any part of the private discourse of others without the permission of all persons engaged in the discourse."
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "MN",
      "state": "Minnesota",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Minn. Stat. § 626A.02, subd. 2(d)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "The same rule covers in-person conversations.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/626A.02",
        "title": "Minn. Stat. § 626A.02. Interception and disclosure of wire, electronic, or oral communications prohibited",
        "official": true,
        "section": "626A.02, subd. 2(d)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "MS",
      "state": "Mississippi",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Miss. Code Ann. § 41-29-531(e)",
      "explanation": "Mississippi's wiretap law does not apply to a private person who is on the call or has one party's prior consent, unless the recording is meant to commit a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "Mississippi's compiled code is published only by LexisNexis, so the quote comes from the official 2004 act that re-enacted this section. A 2006 law removed its expiration date; the current wording was compared with an unofficial copy.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://billstatus.ls.state.ms.us/documents/2004/pdf/SB/2700-2799/SB2713SG.pdf",
        "title": "Miss. Laws 2004, ch. 511 (S.B. 2713), § 16, reenacting Miss. Code § 41-29-531",
        "official": true,
        "section": "41-29-531(e)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication, or if one (1) of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "MO",
      "state": "Missouri",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Mo. Rev. Stat. § 542.402.2(3)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "This exception is written for phone calls. In-person recording falls under other rules.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=542.402",
        "title": "RSMo § 542.402 Penalty for illegal wiretapping, permitted activities (effective Jan. 1, 2017)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "542.402.2(3)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": "2017-01-01"
    },
    {
      "code": "MT",
      "state": "Montana",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Mont. Code Ann. § 45-8-213(1)(c), (2)(a)(iii)",
      "explanation": "Recording a conversation with a hidden device needs everyone's knowledge. Once anyone on the call warns that it is being recorded, either party may record.",
      "nuance": "Public meetings, official duties and some emergency calls have their own exceptions.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://mca.legmt.gov/bills/mca/title_0450/chapter_0080/part_0020/section_0130/0450-0080-0020-0130.html",
        "title": "MCA 45-8-213 (Privacy in communications), Montana Code Annotated 2025",
        "official": true,
        "section": "45-8-213(1)(c)",
        "quote": "…a hidden electronic or mechanical device that reproduces a human conversation without the knowledge of all parties to the conversation…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NE",
      "state": "Nebraska",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-290(2)(c)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "Employers who monitor calls at work have separate notice and purpose conditions.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/statutes.php?statute=86-290",
        "title": "Neb. Rev. Stat. § 86-290",
        "official": true,
        "section": "86-290(2)(c)",
        "quote": "…to intercept a wire, electronic, or oral communication when such person is a party to the communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NV",
      "state": "Nevada",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "NRS 200.620(1), 200.690; Lane v. Allstate Ins. Co., 114 Nev. 1176, 969 P.2d 938 (1998); Ditech Fin. LLC v. Buckles, 133 Nev. 493, 401 P.3d 215 (2017)",
      "explanation": "Nevada requires every party's consent to record a phone call. The statute allows one-party consent only in an emergency with later court approval, and the Nevada Supreme Court has held one-party taping unlawful.",
      "nuance": "The rule comes from Lane v. Allstate (1998) and Ditech v. Buckles (2017). Ditech held that the law does not reach recordings made outside Nevada. In-person conversations follow a separate rule (NRS 200.650).",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.leg.state.nv.us/NRS/NRS-200.html#NRS200Sec620",
        "title": "NRS 200.620. Interception and attempted interception of wire communication prohibited; exceptions",
        "official": true,
        "section": "200.620(1)(a)-(b)",
        "quote": "…prior consent of one of the parties to the communication; and (b) An emergency situation exists…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NH",
      "state": "New Hampshire",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "N.H. RSA § 570-A:2(I), (I-a)",
      "explanation": "New Hampshire requires every party's consent. A person on the call who records it without everyone's consent commits a misdemeanor, and other recording without all-party consent is a felony.",
      "nuance": "Narrow exceptions cover approved official investigations. People harmed by an illegal recording can also sue.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://gc.nh.gov/rsa/html/LVIII/570-A/570-A-2.htm",
        "title": "RSA 570-A:2",
        "official": true,
        "section": "570-A:2(I-a)",
        "quote": "…without consent of all parties to the communication, the person knowingly intercepts a telecommunication or oral communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NJ",
      "state": "New Jersey",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "N.J.S.A. § 2A:156A-4(d)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless it is made or used for a crime, a tort or another injurious purpose.",
      "nuance": "Paying for the phone line does not let you record other people's calls on it. People harmed by an illegal recording can still sue.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://lis.njleg.state.nj.us/nxt/gateway.dll/statutes/1/112/2239",
        "title": "N.J.S.A. 2A:156A-4 Lawful interception activities; exceptions",
        "official": true,
        "section": "2A:156A-4(d)",
        "quote": "…such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NM",
      "state": "New Mexico",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "NMSA 1978 § 30-12-1(C)",
      "explanation": "Copying a phone call is a crime only without the consent of a sender or intended recipient, so a person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "This section is written for telephone and telegraph messages. Federal law still forbids recording a call to commit a crime or tort.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://nmonesource.com/nmos/nmsa/en/item/4371/index.do",
        "title": "NMSA 1978 § 30-12-1 (Interference with communications), Current NMSA Chapter 30, NMOneSource (N.M. Compilation Commission)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "30-12-1(C)",
        "quote": "…report intended for another by telegraph or telephone without the consent of a sender or intended recipient thereof…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NY",
      "state": "New York",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "N.Y. Penal Law §§ 250.00(1)–(2), 250.05",
      "explanation": "New York defines wiretapping as recording a call by someone who is neither sender nor receiver and has neither one's consent. A person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "Recording an in-person conversation you are not part of falls under a separate definition.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/laws/PEN/250.00",
        "title": "N.Y. Penal Law § 250.00",
        "official": true,
        "section": "250.00(1)",
        "quote": "…by a person other than a sender or receiver thereof, without the consent of either the sender or receiver…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "NC",
      "state": "North Carolina",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-287(a)",
      "explanation": "Intercepting a call is a felony only without at least one party's consent, so a person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "Sharing or using a recording that someone else made illegally is a separate offense.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_15A/GS_15A-287.html",
        "title": "G.S. 15A-287. Interception and disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications prohibited",
        "official": true,
        "section": "15A-287(a)",
        "quote": "…person is guilty of a Class H felony if, without the consent of at least one party to the communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "ND",
      "state": "North Dakota",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "N.D. Cent. Code § 12.1-15-02(3)(c)",
      "explanation": "It is a defense to North Dakota's interception crime that the person was on the call, or had one party's prior consent, and did not record it to commit a crime or other harm.",
      "nuance": "The law frames this as a defense to the crime rather than a permission. Secret loitering and eavesdropping are covered separately.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://ndlegis.gov/prod/cencode/t12-1c15.pdf",
        "title": "N.D. Cent. Code ch. 12.1-15 (§ 12.1-15-02)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "12.1-15-02(3)(c)",
        "quote": "…The actor was a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication had given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "OH",
      "state": "Ohio",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Ohio Rev. Code § 2933.52(B)(4)",
      "explanation": "Anyone other than a police officer who is on the call, or has one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "A lawful recording is not automatically usable in court. Sharing an illegally made recording is barred separately.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://codes.ohio.gov/ohio-revised-code/section-2933.52",
        "title": "Ohio Rev. Code § 2933.52 Interception of wire, oral or electronic communications (effective July 1, 1996)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "2933.52(B)(4)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or if one of the parties to the communication has given the person prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": "1996-07-01"
    },
    {
      "code": "OK",
      "state": "Oklahoma",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "13 Okla. Stat. § 176.4(5)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime.",
      "nuance": "Oklahoma's statute mentions only criminal purposes. Federal law also forbids recording a call to commit a tort.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.oklegislature.gov/OK_Statutes/CompleteTitles/os13.pdf",
        "title": "Oklahoma Statutes Title 13, § 176.4 (Acts not prohibited), Oklahoma Legislature compilation updated November 18, 2025",
        "official": true,
        "section": "176.4(5)",
        "quote": "…party to the communication or when one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent to such interception…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "OR",
      "state": "Oregon",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Or. Rev. Stat. §§ 165.535(4), 165.540(1)(a), 165.543(1)",
      "explanation": "For phone calls, Oregon's ban reaches only people who are not on the call and lack one participant's consent, so a person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "In-person conversations and video calls are different: everyone must be specifically told they are being recorded.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.oregonlegislature.gov/bills_laws/ors/ors165.html",
        "title": "ORS 165.540 (2025 edition)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "165.540(1)(a)",
        "quote": "…the whole or any part of a telecommunication or a radio communication to which the person is not a participant…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "PA",
      "state": "Pennsylvania",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "18 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5704(4), (15), (17)",
      "explanation": "Pennsylvania generally lets a private person record a call only when every party has given prior consent.",
      "nuance": "Narrow exceptions exist. A business may record telemarketing and customer-service calls for training, quality control or monitoring when one party consents, with limits on use and retention. Victims, witnesses and licensed private detectives may record when they reasonably suspect a crime of violence.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.legis.state.pa.us/WU01/LI/LI/CT/HTM/18/00.057.004.000..HTM",
        "title": "18 Pa.C.S. § 5704. Exceptions to prohibition of interception and disclosure of communications",
        "official": true,
        "section": "5704(4)",
        "quote": "…intercept a wire, electronic or oral communication, where all parties to the communication have given prior consent to such interception."
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "RI",
      "state": "Rhode Island",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21(c)(3)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "Sharing or using an illegally made recording is barred separately.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://webserver.rilegislature.gov/Statutes/TITLE11/11-35/11-35-21.htm",
        "title": "R.I. Gen. Laws § 11-35-21",
        "official": true,
        "section": "11-35-21(c)(3)",
        "quote": "…the person is a party to the communication, or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "SC",
      "state": "South Carolina",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "S.C. Code Ann. § 17-30-30(C)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it.",
      "nuance": "South Carolina's text has no crime-or-tort exception, but federal law still forbids recording a call for those purposes.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t17c030.php",
        "title": "S.C. Code Ann. § 17-30-30 (Title 17, Chapter 30)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "17-30-30(C)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": "2002-07-02"
    },
    {
      "code": "SD",
      "state": "South Dakota",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "S.D. Codified Laws § 23A-35A-20(1)–(2)",
      "explanation": "Recording a call with an eavesdropping device is a felony only without the consent of a sender or receiver, so a person on the call may record it.",
      "nuance": "Leaving a device to record a conversation that no participant agreed to is still a crime.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://sdlegislature.gov/api/Statutes/23A-35A.html?all=true",
        "title": "SDCL 23A-35A-20",
        "official": true,
        "section": "23A-35A-20(1)",
        "quote": "…without the consent of either a sender or receiver of the communication;"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "TN",
      "state": "Tennessee",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-601(b)(5)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "A 2024 law (Pub. Ch. 1045) repealed § 39-13-603, the old civil-suit section, and left this rule unchanged.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/tncode",
        "title": "Tenn. Code § 39-13-601 (official code on LexisNexis; search 39-13-601)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "39-13-601(b)(5)",
        "quote": "…to intercept a wire, oral, or electronic communication, where the person is a party to the communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "TX",
      "state": "Texas",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Tex. Penal Code § 16.02(c)(4)",
      "explanation": "Texas makes it a defense to its interception crime that a private person was on the call or had one party's prior consent, unless the purpose was an unlawful act.",
      "nuance": "A lawful recording is not automatically usable in court or safe to share publicly.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://tcss.legis.texas.gov/resources/PE/htm/PE.16.htm",
        "title": "Tex. Penal Code § 16.02. Unlawful interception, use, or disclosure of wire, oral, or electronic communications",
        "official": true,
        "section": "16.02(c)(4)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication; or (B) one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "UT",
      "state": "Utah",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Utah Code § 77-23a-4(7)(b)",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort under state or federal law.",
      "nuance": "Lawsuits over illegal recording fall under a separate section (§ 77-23a-11).",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title77/Chapter23a/C77-23a-S4_1800010118000101.pdf",
        "title": "Utah Code § 77-23a-4",
        "official": true,
        "section": "77-23a-4(7)(b)",
        "quote": "…that person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "VT",
      "state": "Vermont",
      "classification": "uncertain",
      "citation": "18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d) (no Vermont statute); State v. Geraw, 173 Vt. 350 (2002)",
      "explanation": "Vermont has no statute on private recording of phone calls. The federal rule applies: a person on the call, or with one party's consent, may record it.",
      "nuance": "State v. Geraw (2002) limits secret police recording in a home under the Vermont Constitution; it does not set a rule for private callers. Other state privacy claims could still apply.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2023-title18/pdf/USCODE-2023-title18-partI-chap119-sec2511.pdf",
        "title": "18 U.S.C. § 2511 (U.S. Code, 2023 edition, govinfo)",
        "official": true,
        "section": "18 U.S.C. § 2511(2)(d)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "VA",
      "state": "Virginia",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Va. Code § 19.2-62(B)(2)",
      "explanation": "Recording a call is not a crime under Virginia's wiretap law when the recorder is on the call or one party gave prior consent.",
      "nuance": "This covers only crimes under that chapter. Other privacy or confidentiality duties can still apply.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title19.2/chapter6/section19.2-62/",
        "title": "Va. Code § 19.2-62",
        "official": true,
        "section": "19.2-62(B)(2)",
        "quote": "…such person is a party to the communication or one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "WA",
      "state": "Washington",
      "classification": "all_parties",
      "citation": "Wash. Rev. Code § 9.73.030(1)(a), (2)–(3)",
      "explanation": "Washington requires every participant's consent to record a private phone call. A recorded announcement that reasonably reaches everyone counts as consent.",
      "nuance": "Some calls may be recorded with one party's consent, including emergency, threatening, anonymous or repeated calls, calls at extremely inconvenient hours, and hostage calls.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://app.leg.wa.gov/RCW/default.aspx?cite=9.73.030",
        "title": "RCW 9.73.030",
        "official": true,
        "section": "9.73.030(1)(a)",
        "quote": "…without first obtaining the consent of all the participants in the communication…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "WV",
      "state": "West Virginia",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3(e)",
      "explanation": "A person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "Police recording and electronic surveillance follow separate rules.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://code.wvlegislature.gov/62-1D-3/",
        "title": "W. Va. Code § 62-1D-3. Interception of communications generally",
        "official": true,
        "section": "62-1D-3(e)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "WI",
      "state": "Wisconsin",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Wis. Stat. § 968.31(2)(c); § 885.365",
      "explanation": "A private person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime, a tort or another injurious act.",
      "nuance": "A separate law (§ 885.365) generally keeps recorded phone calls out of civil cases as evidence, with exceptions such as a notice at the time or a recorder tone.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/document/statutes/968.31",
        "title": "Wis. Stat. § 968.31",
        "official": true,
        "section": "968.31(2)(c)",
        "quote": "…is a party to the communication or where one of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    },
    {
      "code": "WY",
      "state": "Wyoming",
      "classification": "one_party",
      "citation": "Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 7-3-702(b)(iv)",
      "explanation": "A person on the call, or with one party's prior consent, may record it unless the purpose is a crime or tort.",
      "nuance": "The same rule covers in-person conversations.",
      "source": {
        "url": "https://wyoleg.gov/statutes/compress/title07.pdf",
        "title": "Wyo. Stat. § 7-3-702 Prohibition against interception or disclosure of wire, oral or electronic communications; exceptions; penalties",
        "official": true,
        "section": "7-3-702(b)(iv)",
        "quote": "…a party to the communication or where one (1) of the parties to the communication has given prior consent…"
      },
      "verified_at": "2026-10-10",
      "effective_date": null
    }
  ]
}